How an Understanding of Human Growth and Development Can...

I. Introduction A. In my essay will explain how an understanding of human growth and development can assist the counsellor in responding to the needs of the client. I have chosen three theories in three different models. My first model is psychodynamic and I will look at Sigmund frauds theory of development. The second model is humanistic and I will be covering Rogers and Maslow. My last model I will cover in this essay is social Erikson’s lifespan development theory. My essay will look at the theories and the application of each theory and I shall explain how an understanding of human growth and development can assist the counsellor in responding to the needs of the client. II.†¦show more content†¦12-18 is the genital stage. Young adults develop interests in the opposite sex, like previously in the phallic stage. the body is changing in terms of the growing of pubic hair growing, periods, in young males semen being produced .because of social restrictions adolescents shift their sexual energies to other forms of interaction such as sport, friendships and career mapping(Gerald Corey). If this stage is not managed with positivity and acceptance then personality disorders can take place. And the last stage is 18-35 the genital continued. The genital sage is the longest stage and continues to 60 +.becoming and being an adult .freedom to do as you please, love who you want, work where you want no parental restriction, a person has now become an adult (Gerald Corey). Responsibilities are taken, intimate relationships are formed and the capacity to want to understand others is formed (Gerald coyer).if the stages were inadequate, not positive then there can be problems, fraud calls these problems fixations. As noted earlier there are 5 stages, oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital. Successful completion of stages determines how the next stage is managed. An example would be a caregiver did not meet the needs of a child in the oral stage, in terms of the giving of food (breastfeeding). The child may later develop trust issues, personality disorders due to the wanting feeling, the pleasure principle of the id has an impact because theShow MoreRelatedRoles and Functions of the Guidance Counsellor1482 Words   |  6 PagesROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE GUIDANCE COUNSELLOR Guidance Counsellors are professionals who work in and out of the school system. Outside of the school system these professionals focus and interest is more on counselling and as a result are called counsellors. Guidance Counsellors form a part of the helping profession. They are professional helpers who have had graduate level training in the study of human behaviour, have a variety of helping techniques and supervised interships, counselling individualsRead MoreThe Key Elements Of Person Centred Counselling1284 Words   |  6 PagesBefore describing and evaluating the key elements of Person Centred Counselling (PCC) this essay will share a short description into the background of PCC in order to show its growth and how PCC is intertwined within other forms of counselling therapies. According to Sanders (2013) Dr. Carl Rogers, (1902-1987) was an American psychologist and the founder of what is now known as person-centred counselling or psychotherapy. Rogers was and still is held in high regard throughout many different fieldsRead MoreCounseling : The Best Of Both Worlds1318 Words   |  6 Pagesprocess between FDR and counselling. †¢ FDR and counselling may encourage similar outcomes such as the resumption of communication, the restoration of trust, the clarification of events and viewpoints, a better understanding of feelings and emotions for self and the other, and the development and consideration of ideas and proposals. †¢ Ethical considerations, privacy and confidentiality, duty of care requirements are also often important in both FDR and counselling processes. †¢ FDR and counsellingRead MorePerson Centered Therapy1685 Words   |  7 PagesQuestion: The topic chosen for your assignment is on Person centered therapy. Write in 3 equal parts the following: Briefly describe the key concepts. Explain the strengths and weaknesses of this therapy. How do you feel about the approach of this therapy? Answer: Psychotherapy Networker conducted a survey in 2006 (as cited in Corey, 2009) identifying Carl Rogers as the single most influential psychotherapist of the past quarter century. Using humanistic psychological concepts, Rogers formulatedRead MoreUnderstanding counselling theory. Essay example1389 Words   |  6 PagesCertificate in Counselling Skills Assignment 2 Understanding counselling theory. Unit 2- R/601/7575 Hana Lewis- 144383 ABC 17970-33 Contents Page 3 : Introduction. (157 words) Page 3 : Origins of Person- centred counselling (198 words) Page 4: Key concepts and principles of Person- centred counselling. (288 words) Page 5 : How does Person-centred counselling, influence the understanding of the development of concept of self? (245 words) Page 6 : How does person-centred approach inform counsellingRead MoreOutline and Discuss the Major Roles and Functions of the Guidane Counsellor3618 Words   |  15 Pagescore principles as stated by the Jamaican school curriculum. Guidance counsellors are the ones who play the role of effectively analyzing and implementing these programmes which ensure that all students are well prepared to manage these â€Å"exciting times†; every student needs support and guidance. This is imperative as they embark upon the academic, social, spiritual and developmental challenges of adolescence; a time of rapid growth and change. Our guidance and counselling programmes offer studentsRead MoreThe Importance of Transferable Skills for the Counselling Psychologist1875 Words   |  8 Pagespsychologist to supportively assist the client by exploring the issues and underlying problems the client may have had or be currently dealing with. In order to assist the client in overcoming their problems it is essential for the counsellor to possess a broad range of skills; some of which may have been acquired though life experiences before becoming a counsellor. These skills are known as transferable skills and they are an important element to any career as these skills can be developed throughoutRead MoreEssay on Profession Issues in Counselling Person Centred12506 Words   |  51 Pageswellbeing.’ (BACP [online]). The BACP states that â€Å"counselling takes place when a counsellor see a client in a private and confidential setting to explore a difficulty the client is having, distress they may be experiencing or perhaps their dissatisfaction with life or loss of a sense of direction and purpose. It is always at the request of the client as no one can properly be ‘sent’ for counselling. In the sessions the client can explore various aspects of their life and feelings, talking about them freelyRead Mor ePerson-Centred Approaches to Counselling Unit2878 Words   |  12 PagesPerson-Centred Approaches to Counselling Unit The essay will evaluate the necessity and importance of the development of the core conditions in the counselling process and critically analyse the strengths and weaknesses of the person-centred approach on the counselling process. The Person-Centred Approach focuses on the clients own best authority as it is based on the client’s personal experience in his or her own life here and now. It shows the client as someone who has the ability of fulfillingRead MoreCritique Person Centred Counselling3169 Words   |  13 PagesI want to be genuine and spontaneous and me; but youve got to help me. Youve got to hold out your hand, even when thats the last thing I seem to want. Only you can wipe away from my eyes the blank stare of the breathing dead. Only you can call me into aliveness. Each time youre kind, and gentle, and encouraging, each time you try to understand because you really care, my heart begins to grow wings, very small wings, very feeble wings, but wings! Extract from Poem Please Hear What I am not

Childhood Obesity and Cartoons Free Essays

There are more obese children in the current times than ever before, and many people blame many different sources. One of these sources is Television; whether it is the act of the children watching television, or the shows themselves and what the children are seeing on the programs. The main discussion in what children’s television programs are showing is ‘food’ – more specifically, unhealthy food. We will write a custom essay sample on Childhood Obesity and Cartoons or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many of the programs on the children’s television channels show many cases of food during their run-time, and many argue that the majority of this food is unhealthy, and part of the cause of our children’s obesity. One of the more current cases in this category involved the long-time popular young children’s show Sesame Street, in which the beloved Cookie Monster was changed. He was changed to eat fruits and vegetables with the occasional cookie – because always eating cookies was unhealthy, and many complained that their children were getting a bad example from this. This was an extreme case since the show was actually changed (since it was such a popular show for young kids) – where in most shows, people wouldn’t argue as much, nor would they bother to change. A lot of studies have been done regarding the relation between obesity in children and children’s television, however mostly the studies were just making a correlation between the number of hours of television viewed and child obesity. The studies were not all paying attention to the exact programs or channels watched, just the fact that it was television. In his essay â€Å"Healthy Cartoons? A Content Analysis of Foods in Children’s Animated Television Programs,† Jeremy L. Korr talks about food in children’s television programming. Not only does he look back and gather together a lot of the important studies done concerning Children’s television programs and the food shown or referenced, but he does his own studies of the current Children’s Cartoons and their food shown and referenced (which will be discussed later). There are some older studies of children’s programs, one of which was conducted in 1994 by Warnke and Albrecht. They analyzed many children’s network programs airing Saturday mornings broadcast during 1991 and 1992. Of the foods mentioned or shown in these shows, â€Å"32 percent were fruits and vegetables, 14 percent were sweets† (Korr 452), and the rest were other food-types. This already helps to show that children’s programs do not show only unhealthy or even mostly unhealthy foods. However, a more recent study conducted by Poor in 2007 showed some different results. After watching 20 hours of the Disney Channel’s programming, â€Å"Poor found that 57 percent of the foods referenced within the Disney Channel programs were low in nutritional value† (Korr 452). These two studies seem to contradict each other, however the study done by Warnke and Albrecht was done on Saturday morning programming on major networks, where children (and parents) will be more likely to be watching the programs, whereas the study done by Poor was not. So the study done by Warnke and Albrecht could almost (but not) be disregarded, since the programs will intentionally try to be healthier since there will be more attention (by parents etc. ) on Saturday morning programming. In summary, these studies do not seem to show that children’s television programs are all showing only unhealthy food. The Saturday morning children’s programs on the major channels tend to stick more with healthier foods, but the weekday children’s programs on channels such as the Disney Channel tend to be closer to half or more of the food shown being unhealthy. Neither of these seem to quite prove or disprove that children’s programs are leading to obesity. Of course, in watching television, not only is one watching the program, but sitting through the commercials. People tend to neglect this fact and stick to blaming the children’s television programs instead of looking towards the children’s commercials. These commercials have been proven to consist of almost all unhealthy foods (at least in the past – currently they are moving more towards healthier foods because of the overall scare of children’s obesity in our society). A semi-current study was taken by Powel in 2007 that showed â€Å"98 percent of the food commercials view by children aged 2 to 11 and 89 percent of those viewed by children aged 12 to 17 were for products high in fat, sugar, or sodium† (Korr 451). These numbers have most likely lowered in the past few years due to all the current attempts to help our ever-growing obese society, but never the less – this is still quite important. Another relatively recent study on children’s commercials was conducted by the Kaiser Family Foundation in 2007. After studying thousands of children’s food advertisements, they found that â€Å"34 percent of the foods in those ads were for candy and snacks, 28 percent were for cereal, 10 percent were for fast food, 4 percent were for dairy products, 1 percent were for fruit juices, and none were for fruits or vegetables† (Korr 458). Although it is not split into simply unhealthy and healthy categories, one can easily agree that well over half, maybe two-thirds of the advertisements were of unhealthy foods. This only helps strengthen that a good majority of advertisements during children’s programming are of unhealthy foods. Now that children’s programming and the advertisements during have been covered, only one category remains: Children’s Cartoons. Since it is a relatively hard subject to study, since cartoons aren’t always realistic, not much research has been done. Korr however, watched thirty-two children’s cartoons on a total of three cable and two broadcast networks. He found that â€Å"35 percent of the foods referenced visually or verbally were sweets and salty snacks, 6 percent were breads and cereals, 18 percent were meats, 5 percent were dairy products, and 22 percent were fruits and vegetables (including fruit juice)† (Korr 458). So as far as Children’s Cartoons; surprisingly, one-fifth to one-fourth of all of the foods referenced are fruits and vegetables, and less than one-half of all of the foods referenced are unhealthy. This differs slightly from unanimated children’s programs with more fruits and vegetables and 20-25 percent less unhealthy foods. Compared to the more closely monitored Saturday children’s programs, which consist of unanimated and animated shows, there are considerably more sweets and slightly less vegetables overall in children’s cartoons. Korr also found that children’s Cable channels accounted for most of the food references as well as â€Å"98 percent of the references to sweets, 91 percent of the references to salty snacks, and 91 percent of the references to fruits and vegetables† (Korr 459). He also found the lowest frequency of unhealthy foods in the Saturday morning programs that were always ridiculed for sending out poor nutritional messages. This only helps prove the point that Saturday morning programs are more closely monitored seeing as they have the least reference to food, as well as the least reference to unhealthy food. So now, we could almost definitively say that warnke and Albrecht’s studies could be ignored for the purpose of this analysis. After looking at all of these different studies, one can deduct a few things. First, children’s programs aired on cable seem to be more likely to have more foods referenced or shown, which of course leads to more unhealthy foods. Second, children’s programs aired on Saturdays seem to be more likely to have less foods referenced or shown, with more fruits and vegetables than sweets and salty foods. Third, children’s programs aired on the weekdays tend to have more sweets involved. And last, children’s advertisements all seem to show a majority of unhealthy foods. In general, it seems that children’s advertisements are the major problem in showing unhealthy foods. As far as children’s programming, Cartoons seem to show more unhealthy foods than unanimated series, and depending on what time and network the program is aired on will make a difference on what one will see. One solution to this, stated by Korr, would be to use a DVR (digital video recorder), such as TiVo, to record the programs, and then fast-forward or skip through the commercials, thereby eliminating a good amount of the unhealthy foods shown during children’s programming. However this does not seem quite necessary. It seems, based on these studies, that if one limits them self to Saturday programming, one will eliminate a good amount of the advertisements and the shows with unhealthy foods referenced and shown. Also watching broadcast as opposed to cable network shows appears to cut down the amount as well. As a last resort, if a child must watch television, a DVR would be a relatively good solution. How to cite Childhood Obesity and Cartoons, Essay examples

Change Management Cost and Quality Impacts

Question: Discuss about theChange Managementfor Cost and Quality Impacts. Answer: Managing Project Changes Change Management is an essential component of the overall project management and must be included in the project activities to ensure that the changes that occur during the project life cycle are managed well. It is a necessary component as there are a number of benefits that are added up with a dedicated process and plan for the management of changes. The process allows the manager and the leadership to correctly distinguish between the changes that must be accepted and the ones that must not be accepted. It also allows the manager to predict a few changes that will occur in terms of the resistance that may be shown by the employees and the users and likewise. Change management makes sure that the already predicted changes have a management strategy mapped with the same so that the handling of the changes becomes easier. The objective behind a particular change that is requested is also made clear with the change management process. The changes can have a negative impact on the pro ject resources along with the schedule and budget which is prevented by a dedicated plan and method for the management of the changes and the implementation of the same. There are a number of tools and techniques that are available in the present era to make the process of change management easy and simple to execute. The project primarily has three variables as cost, budget and resources. Microsoft Project is one such tool that makes the management of changes non-complex. It allows the users to create a list of tasks for the particular project along with their schedule, resources, costs, dependencies and many such components. Any alterations that are made by the changes can be viewed from this tool that which auto-calculate the change in associated entities such as cost and time. The tool also presents the timeline of the project and allows the managers to have an overview of the entire activities to handle and manage the changes in a better manner (Hegde, 2016). Change Management Plan Time, Cost and Quality Impacts The changes can have a negative impact on the time, cost and quality as the increased number of changes would require the utilization of all of these three components. The changes may result in schedule overrun, budget overrun or associated risks. The impact can be controlled by creating a change management plan for all the changes that are requested from a particular system and handling the changes in a step by step manner. The technique and methods should include the following phases for change management as: Preparing for the changes Handling and management of the changes Reinforcement of the changes Change management strategy and methods should be in place to make sure that the impact on the project variables is not negative. Handling Changes Requests and Risks Every change that is demanded from a system must be documented in the form of a change request which must be approved by the senior management and the client as well. The request must answer the need for the change, scope associated with the change and all the required details. The process would make sure that the identification of the required changes is done correctly and only the necessary change requests go through. Two major risks that are associated with the changes are schedule overrun and budget overrun. These may be handled by risk management process and plan by having a treatment strategy as risk mitigation already in place to reduce these risks and their impacts. Also, there must be constant monitoring by the Project Manager to have minimal changes (Andrade, 2016). Change Request Form Project Title: The Chunnel Project Date Prepared: 29th October 2016 Person Requesting Change: A Change Number: 1 Category of Change: Requirements Detailed Description of Proposed Change: The connection that is being made between England and France shall have the additional lights installed on the routes for better visibility Justification for Proposed Change: The change would allow the commuters to have enhanced visibility at any time of the day and would make it easy for them to drive Impacts of Change Scope: Increases Description: The change would require procurement of the lights on a large scale along with activities around design and installation of these lights Grade: Increases Description: The change would require procurement of the lights on a large scale along with activities around design and installation of these lights Requirements: Increases Description: There will be additional requirements associated with procurement and negotiations with the suppliers along with the design, installation, connections and implementation of the change. Cost: Increases Description: The procurement of lights would include considerable costs which would lead to increased costs as compared to the ones determined earlier. Schedule: Increases Description: The change would require increased effort and activities to be covered which would result in increased requirement of time to complete the same Stakeholder Impact: Medium Risk Description: There may be scenarios of schedule and budget overrun Project Documents: Updated project plan, implementation plan Disposition: Approve Justification: The change that is requested is justified as the lights will allow the commuters with the ability to commute with ease and lesser risks Change Control Board Signatures Name Role Signatures AB Project Sponsor AB BJ Project Board BJ Date: 29th October 2016 Scope Creep Scope creep refers to a situation in which there are huge numbers of changes that are associated with a project that result in continuous growth of the project scope. It may emerge as an extremely severe risk for the project as their will be enhanced use of project resources required with constant changes in the scope. Also, the same may negatively impact the productivity shown by the employees associated with the project. The same can be avoided by constant review and monitoring of the project activities and communication with the client so that the requirements are correctly understood. References Andrade, P. (2016). Change Management: Implementation and Benefits of the Change Control in the Information Technology Environment. Retrieved 28 October 2016, from https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1603/1603.03110.pdf Hegde, A. (2016). What is Change Management. Retrieved 28 October 2016, from https://www.andrewneang.com/research/2008-GTP/ChangeManagement_v5.pdf Heldman, K. (2013). PMP Project Management Professional Exam Study Guide (7th ed.). Indianapolis, IN: Wiley. Project Management Institute. (2013). A guide to the project management body of knowledge (PMBOK Guide) (5th ed.). Newtown Square, Pennsylvania: Project Management Institute. Wysocki, R. K. (2014). Effective Project Management: Traditional, Agile, Extreme (7th ed.). Indianapolis, IN: Wiley.